Ror modulators and their uses

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to ROR modulators; compositions comprising an effective amount of a ROR modulator; and methods for treating or preventing diseases associated with ROR. The invention is based in part on the discovery of ROR modulators which interact with RORa and/or RORy and thereby inhibit or induce RORa and/or RORy-activity, and RORa- and/or RORy-regulated target gene and protein expression.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/636,274, filed Apr. 20,2012, 61/643,657, filed May 7, 2012, 61/653,155, filed May 30, 2012, 61/736,891, filed Dec. 13, 2012, and 61/785,362, filed Mar. 14, 2013. The entire disclosures of these applications are relied on for all purposes and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor (ROR) regulated diseases and disorders. More particularly, the invention relates to ROR modulators; compositions comprising an effective amount of a ROR modulator; and methods for treating or preventing ROR regulated diseases and disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are high unmet medical needs in the few established therapies for several autoimmune, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Despite the diverse clinical manifestations of these diseases, Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptors (RORs) regulate and contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases through modulation of immune responses and lipid/glucose homeostasis. Only recently has the critical regulatory role of RORs been well-characterized and target validated in several animal models of some of these diseases.

RORs are transcription factors which belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily (Jetten (2009) Nucl. Recept. Signal., 7:e003; Jetten et al. (2013) Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 4:1; Jetten & Joo (2006) Adv. Dev. Biol., 16:313-355). The ROR subfamily consists of three major isoforms: RORα (NR1F1), RORβ (NR1F2), and RORγ (NR1F3), encoded by the RORA, RORB and RORC genes, respectively. RORs are multidomain proteins that contain four principal domains typical of nuclear receptors: a highly variable N-terminal A/B domain, a highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), a ligand binding domain (LBD) that contains the ligand-dependent activation function-2 (AF-2), and a hinge domain between the DBD and LBD.

Each ROR gene through alternative splicing and promoter usage generates several ROR isoforms that differ only in their amino-terminus.

In humans, there are four RORα isoforms (RORα1-4), one RORβ1 isoform, and two RORγ isoforms (RORγ1 and RORγ2 [RORγt]) that are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner. RORα and RORγ play an important role in the regulation of lipid/glucose homeostasis, cellular metabolism, immune function and circadian rhythms, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune, inflammatory and metabolic diseases (Burris et al. (2012) Chem. Biol., 19:51-59; Burris et al. (2013) Pharmacol. Rev., 65:710-778; Huh & Littman (2012) Eur. J. Immunol., 42:2232-2237; Jetten 2009 Nucl. Recept. Signal., 7:e003; Jetten, Kang, and Takeda 2013 Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 4:1). Synthetic ligands have been described that interact with the RORa and RORy LBD functioning as a switch that induces a ROR LBD conformational change.

Such change promotes the recruitment and displacement of regulatory coactivator and corepressor proteins and upon ROR DBD binding to the ROR responsive element of the target genes lead to the induction or inhibition of ROR-regulated gene transcriptional activity. Therefore, small molecule drugs that bind to the nuclear receptor LBDs such as ROR could elicit a variety of pharmacological responses, including activation (agonists), inactivation (antagonists or non-agonists), and for receptors that are constitutively active, ligands can downregulate the constitutive response (inverse agonists).

RORγt is the master regulator of human T Helper 17 (T_(H)17) cell differentiation, function and cytokine production (Ivanov et al. (2006) Cell, 126:1121-1133). The critical role of T_(H)17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been established and is conferred by the production of its signature proinflammatory cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17AF, IL-21, IL-22 (Ghoreschi et al. (2010) Nature, 467:967-971; Lee et al. (2012) Nat. Immunol., 13:991-999; Miossec et al. (2009) N. Engl. J. Med., 361:888-898; Miossec & Kolls (2012) Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 11:763-776; Zepp et al. (2011) Trends Immunol., 32:232-239). Although several transcription factors regulate T_(H)17, γ/δ T and innate lymphoid cells as important sources of T_(H)17 cytokines, these cells are distinguished by its specific regulation of RORγt for cytokine transcriptional output and effector functions and to a lesser extent by RORα in humans (Cua & Tato (2010) Nat. Rev. Immunol., 10:479-489; Huh and Littman 2012 Eur. J. Immunol., 42:2232-2237; Ivanov, McKenzie, Zhou, Tadokoro, Lepelley, Lafaille, Cua, and Littman 2006 Cell, 126:1121-1133; Spits & Di Santo (2011) Nat. Immunol., 12:21-27; Sutton et al. (2012) Eur. J. Immunol., 42:2221-2231). Also, in several autoimmune disease models, there is a relative imbalance of increased T_(H)17 cells over low numbers of immunosuppressive CD4⁺CD25⁻Foxp3⁻ regulatory T cells [T_(Reg)] (Edwards et al. (2011) J. Neurol., 258:1518-1527; Littman & Rudensky (2010) Cell, 140:845-858). Targeting RORγt could have a broader anti-inflammatory effect on the combined inhibition of all T_(H)17 cytokine production and inflammatory cellular function, and in the induction and expansion of suppressive T_(Reg) cells, important in autoimmune and inflammatory disease resolution, and may also have therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases such as diet-induced insulin resistance known to be regulated by RORγ.

Since both RORγ1 and RORγt [RORγ1] protein isoforms, contain identical LBDs, small molecule RORγ modulators that inhibit RORγt activity will also inhibit RORγ. RORα similarly plays an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and also in metabolic diseases.

RORα critically regulates lipid and glucose homeostasis and cellular metabolism that contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. The therapeutic benefits of inhibiting RORα for metabolic diseases is associated with diminished inflammation and downregulated expression of RORα target genes as seen in RORα-deficient mice. As ligand-dependent transcription factors, it is desirable to prepare compounds that modulate RORα and/or RORγ activity which can be used in the treatment of RORα- and/or RORγ-regulated autoimmune, inflammatory and metabolic diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based in part on the discovery of ROR modulators which interact with RORα and/or RORγ and thereby inhibit or induce RORα and/or RORγ-activity, and RORα- and/or RORγ-regulated target gene and protein expression. The invention is also based on compositions comprising an effective amount of a ROR modulator; and methods for treating or preventing disorders regulated by RORα and/or RORγ, comprising the administration of an effective amount of a ROR modulator.

In one aspect, compounds of the Formula I are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄) 2, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl;

each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, and N(R₄)₂;

-   R₅ is independently H or alkyl, or both R₅ can be taken together to     form a carbonyl; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; -   n is 0, or 1; -   p is 1 or 2; and -   wherein the symbol     indicates a single or double bond; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Ia are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl; -   each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken     together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an     additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally     substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally susbtituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and -   p is 1 or 2; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Ib are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂;

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄))₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken together to form a carbonyl;

-   each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken     together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an     additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally     substituted with C1 -C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and p is 1 or 2; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Ic are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl; -   each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, aryl, or can be taken together to     form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N,     O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted     with Cl-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and -   p is 1 or 2; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Id are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl; -   each R4 is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken     together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an     additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally     substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; -   p is 1 or 2; and -   wherein the symbol     indicates a single or double bond; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

The details of the invention are set forth in the accompanying description below. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, illustrative methods and materials are now described. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and from the claims. In the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms also include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based in part on the discovery of ROR modulators which interact with RORα and/or RORγ and thereby inhibit or induce RORα and/or RORγ-activity, and RORα- and/or RORγ-regulated target gene and protein expression. The invention is also based on compositions comprising an effective amount of a ROR modulator; and methods for treating or preventing disorders regulated by RORα and/or RORγ, comprising the administration of an effective amount of a ROR modulator.

Definitions

The following definitions are used in connection with the ROR modulators:

“ROR” refers to RORα and/or RORγ isoforms.

“RORα” refers to all isoforms encoded by the RORA gene.

“RORγ” refers to all isoforms encoded by the RORC gene which include RORγ1 and RORγt [RORγ2].

“RORα modulator” refers to a chemical compound that modulates, either directly or indirectly, the activity of RORα. RORα modulators include antagonists/non-agonists, inverse agonists and agonists of RORα.

“RORγ modulator” refers to a chemical compound that modulates, either directly or indirectly, the activity of RORγ. RORγ modulators include antagonists/non-agonists, inverse agonists and agonists of RORγ.

The term “ROR modulator” includes any and all possible isomers, stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, and prodrugs of the ROR modulators described herein.

The articles “a” and “an” are used in this disclosure to refer to one or more than one (i.e. , to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.

The term “and/or” is used in this disclosure to mean either “and” or “or” unless indicated otherwise.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term “aryl” refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 2 aromatic rings, including monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Where containing two aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point (e.g., biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl). The aryl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any point of attachment. The substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

“C₁-C₃ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-3 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₃ alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl.

“C₁-C₄ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-4 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₄ alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.

“C₁-C₅ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-5 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₅ alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, isopentyl and neopentyl.

“C₁-C₆ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-6 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₆ alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and neopentyl.

“Acyl” refers to groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic and combinations thereof, attached to the parent structure through a carbonyl functionality. One or more carbons in the acyl residue may be replaced by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur as long as the point of attachment to the parent remains at the carbonyl. Examples include acetyl (Ac), benzoyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and the like. Lower-acyl refers to groups containing one to four carbons.

The terms “monocyclic or bicyclic aryl,” or an “monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl” as used herein include but are not limited to, indolyl, isoindolyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiazolonyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolonyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzimidazolonyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, dihydropurinonyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, purinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, phthalimidyl, phthalimidinyl, pyrazinylpyridinyl, pyridinopyrimidinyl, pyrimidinopyrimidinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolonyl, isoquinolonyl, phthalazinyl, benzodioxyl, indolinyl, dihydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, benzoazepinyl, benzodiazepinyl, benzoxapinyl, benzoxazepinyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon containing 3-6 carbon atoms. Examples of a cycloalkyl group include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. It is understood that any of the substitutable hydrogens on a cycloalkyl can be substituted with halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy and cyano groups.

The term “heterocycle” as used herein refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon containing 3-6 atoms wherein at least one of the atoms is an O, N, or S wherein a monocyclic heterocycle may contain up to two double bonds. Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, tetrahydropyran, thiane, imidazolidine, oxazolidine, thiazolidine, dioxolane, dithiolane, piperazine, oxazine, dithiane, and dioxane.

A “subject” is a mammal, e.g., a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, baboon or rhesus, and the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein.

The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a ROR modulator and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention includes a ROR modulator provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, hydrate, salt, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomers, stereoisomers, or mixtures thereof

Representative “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include, e.g., water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such as the acetate, amsonate (4,4-diaminostilbene-2, 2-disulfonate), benzenesulfonate, benzonate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulariate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fiunarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexafluorophosphate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, magnesium, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate (1,1-methene-bis-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate, einbonate), pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, picrate, polygalacturonate, propionate, p-toluenesulfonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, sulfosalicylate, suramate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide, and valerate salts.

An “effective amount” when used in connection with a ROR modulator is an amount effective for treating or preventing a ROR-regulated disease or disorder.

The term “carrier”, as used in this disclosure, encompasses carriers, excipients, and diluents and means a material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.

The term “treating”, with regard to a subject, refers to improving at least one symptom of the subject's disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or at least partially ameliorating the disorder.

The term “disorder” is used in this disclosure to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the terms disease, condition, or illness, unless otherwise indicated.

The term “administer”, “administering”, or “administration” as used in this disclosure refers to either directly administering a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a composition to a subject, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or composition to the subject, which can form an equivalent amount of active compound within the subject's body.

The term “prodrug,” as used in this disclosure, means a compound which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g., by hydrolysis) to a ROR modulator.

The term “optionally substituted,” as used in this disclosure, means a suitable substituent can replace a hydrogen bound to a carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen. When a substituent is oxo (i.e., ═O) then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced by a single O. Suitable substituents are selected from the following which include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl, halogen, perfluorinated C₁-C₆ alkyl, amine, —C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, —C₂-C₁₂ alkene, —C₂-C₁₂ alkyne, —(C₁-C₃ alkyl)-(cycloalkyl), aryl, alkyl-aryl, —C(O)H, —C(O)OH, —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)—O-alkyl, —C(O)NH(alkyl), benzyl, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)N(alkyl)₂, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)alkyl, —SO₂(alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(alkyl), —SO₂N(alkyl)₂, S, CN, and SCN. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, with respect to any group containing one or more substituents, that such groups are not intended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns that are sterically impractical, synthetically non-feasible and/or inherently unstable. Furthermore, combinations of substituents and/or variables within any of the Formulae represented herein are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds or useful synthetic intermediates wherein stable implies a reasonable pharmologically relevant half-life at physiological conditions.

The following abbreviations are used herein and have the indicated definitions: ACTB is β-actin, AF-2 is activation function-2, AIBN is azobisisobutyronitrile, Boc and BOC are tert-butoxycarbonyl, Boc₂O is di-tent-butyl dicarbonate, BSA is bovine serum albumin, CD is cluster of differentiation, CDI is 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole, DBD is DNA-binding domain, DCC is N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DIEA and DIPEA is N,N-diisopropylethylamine, DMAP is 4-dimethylaminopyridine, DMEM is Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide, DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide, DOSS is sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, EC₅₀ is half maximal effective concentration, EDC and EDCI are 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, ELISA is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, EtOAc is ethyl acetate, FBS is fetal bovine serum, FOXP3 is forkhead box P3, G-CSF is granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, h is hour, HATU is 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, HIV is human immunodeficiency virus, HOBt is 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole, HPMC is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPRT1 is hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1, IC₅₀ is half maximal inhibitory concentration, IFN-γ is interferon gamma, IL is interleukin, IL-23R is interleukin 23 receptor, LAH is lithium aluminum hydride, LBD is ligand binding domain, MIQE is minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments, MTBE is methyl tert-butyl ether, NBS is N-bromosuccinnide, NMP is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, oxone is potassium peroxymonosulfate, PBMCs is peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PCR is polymerase chain reaction, Pd/C is palladium on carbon, PGK1 is phosphoglycerate kinase, PPIA is peptidylprolyl isomerase A, REST is Relative Expression Software Tool, RORα is retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha, RORγ is retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma, TBAB is tetrabutylammonium bromide, TBP is terminal binding protein, TFA is trifluoroacetic acid, TFRC is transferrin receptor, TGFβ1 is transforming growth factor beta 1, T_(H)17 is T helper 17 cell, TGPS is tocopherol propylene glycol succinate, THF is tetrohydrofuran, TLC is thin layer chromatography, TR-FRET is time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer and μM is micromolar.

Compounds

In one aspect, compounds of the Formula I are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl; -   each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken     together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an     additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally     substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₅ is independently H or alkyl, or both R₅ can be taken together to     form a carbonyl; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; -   n is 0, or 1; -   p is 1 or 2; and -   wherein the symbol     indicates a single or double bond; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Ia are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)2-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl; -   each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken     together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an     additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally     substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and -   p is 1 or 2; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Ib are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl;

each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂;

-   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and -   p is 1 or 2; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Ic are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl; -   each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken     together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an     additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally     substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and p0 is 1 or 2; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula Id are described:

wherein

-   A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl,     halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl,     —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN,     or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH,     O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl     optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃,     taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated     ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7     membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen,     OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken     together to form a carbonyl; -   each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken     together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an     additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally     substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; -   R₆ is H or alkyl; -   R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl,     substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl     sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered     heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; -   p is 1 or 2; and -   wherein the symbol     indicates a single or double bond; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,     and tautomers thereof.

Compounds of the invention include:

Compounds of the invention also include:

Compounds of the invention also include:

Compounds of the invention also include:

In another aspect, methods of inhibiting, preventing or treating a disease, or symptoms of a disease, regulated by RORα and/or RORγ, are provided, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically-effective amount of a ROR modulator. In some embodiments, the disease regulated by RORα and/or RORγ is selected from Autoimmune, Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases, including but not limited to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, cystic fibrosis, gastritis, autoimmune myositis, giant cell arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, allergen-induced lung inflammation, allergy, Psoriasis, Psoriatic arthritis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Sjogren's syndrome, dry eye, optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica, Myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Graves disease, Multiple sclerosis, autoimmune uveitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, organ transplant rejection, polymyalgia rheumatic, systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneus lupus, lupus nephritis, glomerulonephritis, Diabetes mellitus type 1, pulmonary inflammation, macular degeneration, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, Diabetes mellitus type 2, glucose intolerance, and metabolic syndrome; and Other Diseases, including but not limited to multiple myeloma, bone disease associated with multiple myeloma, gastric cancer and colon cancer.

Also described are methods of modulating RORα and/or RORγ activity as an agonist, inverse agonist or antagonist/non-agonist in a subject which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a ROR modulator.

Also described are methods of inducing or inhibiting RORα- and/or RORγ-regulated target gene expression and protein production in a subject which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a ROR modulator.

Also described are methods of regulating corepressor and/or coactivator protein interaction with RORα and/or RORγ LBD in a subject which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a ROR modulator.

Also described are methods of reducing the amount of RORα- and/or RORγ-regulated production of T_(H)17 cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17AF, IL-21, and/or IL-22 in a subject which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a ROR modulator.

Also described are methods of inducing or inhibiting, either directly or indirectly, RORα- and/or RORγ-regulated cell proliferation or activation in a subject which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a ROR modulator.

The ROR modulators can each be administered in amounts that are sufficient to treat or prevent but are not limited to Autoimmune, Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases, or prevent the development thereof in subjects.

The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating or preventing a ROR regulated disease, or for inhibiting a ROR regulated disease, or more than one of these activities. The compositions can be suitable for internal use and comprise an effective amount of a ROR modulator and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The ROR modulators are especially useful in that they demonstrate very low systemic toxicity or no systemic toxicity.

Administration of the ROR modulators can be accomplished via any mode of administration for therapeutic agents. These modes include systemic or local administration such as oral, nasal, parenteral (intravenous), intramuscular, intrathecal, intra-vitreal, transdermal, subcutaneous, vaginal, buccal, rectal, topical administration modes or as a drug-eluting stent.

Depending on the intended mode of administration, the compositions can be in solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form, such as, for example, injectables, tablets, suppositories, pills, time-release capsules, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, syrups, powders, liquids, suspensions, or the like, sometimes in unit dosages and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. Likewise, they can also be administered in intravenous (both bolus and infusion), intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intra-vitreal injection, subcutaneous or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts.

Illustrative pharmaceutical compositions are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising a ROR modulator and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as: a) a diluent, e.g., purified water, triglyceride oils, such as hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof, corn oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, fish oils, such as EPA or DHA, or their esters or triglycerides or mixtures thereof, omega-3 fatty acids or derivatives thereof, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, sodium, saccharin, glucose and/or glycine; b) a lubricant, e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and/or polyethylene glycol; for tablets also; c) a binder, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, magnesium carbonate, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, waxes and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone, if desired; d) a disintegrant, e.g., starches, agar, methyl cellulose, bentonite, xanthan gum, alginic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures; e) absorbent, colorant, flavorant and sweetener; f) an emulsifier or dispersing agent, such as Tween 80, Labrasol, HPMC, DOSS, caproyl 909, labrafac, labrafil, peceol, transcutol, capmul MCM, capmul PG-12, captex 355, gelucire, vitamin E TGPS or other acceptable emulsifier; and/or g) an agent that enhances absorption of the compound such as cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin, PEG400, PEG200.

Liquid, particularly injectable, compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolution, dispersion, etc. For example, in some embodiments, the ROR modulator is dissolved in or mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form an injectable isotonic solution or suspension. Proteins such as albumin, chylomicron particles, or serum proteins can be used to solubilize the ROR modulators.

The ROR modulators can be also formulated as a suppository that can be prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions; using polyalkylene glycols such as propylene glycol, as the carrier.

In further embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.

The ROR modulators can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, containing cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines. In some embodiments, a film of lipid components is hydrated with an aqueous solution of drug to a form lipid layer encapsulating the drug, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,564, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

ROR modulators can also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the ROR modulators are coupled. The ROR modulators can also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspanamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the ROR modulators can be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. In one embodiment, ROR modulators are not covalently bound to a polymer, e.g., a polycarboxylic acid polymer, or a polyacrylate.

Parenteral injectable administration may be used for subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injections and infusions. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions or solid forms suitable for dissolving in liquid prior to injection.

Compositions can be prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and the present pharmaceutical compositions can contain from about 0.1% to about 80%, from about 5% to about 60%, or from about 1% to about 20% of the ROR modulator by weight or volume.

The dosage regimen utilizing the ROR modulator is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex, race, diet, and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal or hepatic function of the patient; and the particular ROR modulator employed. A physician or veterinarian of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.

Effective dosage amounts of the present invention, when used for the indicated effects, range from about 0.1 mg to about 5000 mg of the active ingredient per unit dose which could be administered. In one embodiment, the compositions are in the form of a tablet that can be scored. Appropriate dosages of the ROR modulators can be determined as set forth in Goodman, L. S.; Gilman, A. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th ed.; MacMillan: New York, 1975, pp. 201-226, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

ROR modulators can be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage can be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, ROR modulators can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration can be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen. Other illustrative topical preparations include creams, ointments, lotions, aerosol sprays and gels, wherein the concentration of the ROR modulator ranges from about 0.1% to about 15%, w/w or w/v.

The ROR modulators can also each be administered in amounts that are sufficient and/or effective to treat or prevent ROR-associated diseases. These diseases include, but are not limited to, Autoimmune, Inflammatory and Metabolic diseases, either individually or in combination with one or more agents and or methods for treating and preventinse ROR-regulated diseases.

Compounds according to the present invention may be administered in combination with the following non-limiting examples of therapeutic agents and methods for treating and preventing these ROR-regulated diseases in any combination that may include, but are not limited to any of the following: glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (non-limiting examples include acetominophen, aspirin, capsaicin, diclofenac, diclofenac/misoprostol, efenamic acid, etodolac, felbinac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac, loxoprofen, meclofenamate, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, nimesulide, oxaprozin, piroxicam, sulindac, tolmetin), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors (non-limiting examples include celecoxib, valdecoxib, etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, parecoxib), licofelone (ML3000), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), methotrexate, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors (a non-limiting example is mycophenolate mofetil [Cellcept, Myfortic]), sirolimus, everolimus (rapamycin), purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors, de novo purine synthesis inhibitors (non-limiting examples include polygentamate derivatives of methotrexate, antifolate compounds), dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors (malononitrilamides), prostaglandins PGE2 inhibitors, P2X7 receptor inhibitors, proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) inhibitors, inhibitors of activated Complement (non-limiting examples include Eculizumab, Pexelizumab), complement C3/C5 convertase inhibitors (a non-limiting example is Nafamostat mesilate), active convertase inhibitors, complement C5aR antagonists, EP4 agonists, prostaglandin-I2 analogs (non-limiting examples include iloprost, cicaprost, treprostinil), Sulphasalazine (SASP), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), immunomodulator drugs (non-limiting examples include azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate (MTX)), calcineurin inhibitors (non-limiting examples include cyclosporine, voclosporine, tacrolimus), interleukin-10 (AG011), placenta-derived cells (PDA001), mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM) inhibitors (PF-00547659), GLP-2 agonists (non-limiting examples include ZP1848, ALX-0600), anti-CD3, CCR9 inhibitors, lenalidomide (Revlimid), recombinant human interleukin-11, CXCR2 Antagonists (a non-limiting example is SB-656933), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analogue (Teduglutide), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (Increlex), synthetic guanylhydrazone semapimod (CPSI-2364), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) inhibitor (alicaforsen), stem cell therapeutics (a non-limiting example is Prochymal), activated protein C (aPC), vitamin D analogs (a non-limiting example is calcipotriene), retinoids (a non-limiting example is tazarotene), phototherapy (non-limiting examples include broadband ultraviolet B light, narrow band ultraviolet B light, psoralen plus ultraviolet A light), methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, CCR6 inhibitors, CCL20 inhibitors, deoxyspergualin, alkylate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) agents, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors (non-limiting examples include etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), golimumab (CNTO-148), inhibitors of TNF-alpha converting enzyme, Janus kinase (JAK) 1, 2 and/or 3 inhibitors (non-limiting examples include Tofacitinib (Xeljanz), INCB-28050, Ruxolitinib), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors (a non-limiting example is R-788), caspase inhibitor, chemokine receptor antagonists, protein kinase C (pkc) inhibitors (a non-limiting example is Enzastaurin), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, caspase inhibitors, NF-κB modulators, B cell inhibitors, Hydroxychloroquine, B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) inhibitors (a non-limiting example is belimumab (Benlysta)), membrane-bound and soluble B-cell activating factor inhibitors (a non-limiting example is LY2127399), inhibitors that antagonize the binding of BLyS and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) cytokines to B cells in order to prevent B-cell maturation and autoantibody production (a non-limiting example is Atacicept), anti-CD 19, CD20 inhibitors (non-limiting examples include Rituximab, Ocrelizumab, Ofatumumab), CD22 inhibitors (a non-limiting example is Epratuzumab), T cell inhibitors (non-limiting examples include Alefacept (Amevive), IPP-201101), interferon inhibitors (non-limiting examples include MEDI-545, rontalizumab, fontalizumab), toll-like receptor inhibitors, prasterone, estrogen receptor antagonist (fulvestrant), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)-Ig (a non-limiting example is Abatacept (Orencia)), v-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1 (VTCN1; B7-H4) agonists (AMP-110), interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (AMG 108, Anakinra [Kineret]), interleukin-1 beta antagonists (non-limiting examples include canakinumab, Xoma 052), soluble IL-1 receptors (a non-limiting example is rilonacept), interleukin-2R antagonists (non-limiting examples include basiliximab (Simulect), daclizumab (Zenapax), interleukin-6 receptor antagonists (non-limiting examples include Tocilizumab [Actemra]), calcipotriene/betamethasone (Taclonex), fumarate (Panaclar/BG-12), interleukin-15 inhibitors, interleukin-17 and interleukin-17 receptor inhibitors (non-limiting examples include Secukinumab, Brodalumab, Ixekizumab, RG7624), DHODH inhibitors (a non-limiting example is Vidofludimus), interleukin-18 inhibitors, T helper (Th) 17 cell inhibitors, interleukin 12/interleukin 23 inhibitors (non-limiting examples include Ustekinumab [CNTO-1275], briakinumab [ABT-874]), interleukin-22 inhibitors, interleukin-23 inhibitors (a non-limiting example is ustekinumab), interleukin-12 inhibitors (a non-limiting example is ustekinumab), alpha interferons, beta interferons [Interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif), Interferon beta-1b (Betaseron/Betaferon), Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone), selective adhesion molecule inhibitors, integrin antagonists (Natalizumab [Tysabri], vedolizumab), sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1P-R) agonists (a non-limiting example is Fingolimod [FTY720]), fumarate derivative immunomodulators (a non-limiting example is BG-12), laquinimod, anti-LFA-1 (a non-limiting example is Efalizumab [Raptiva]), MBP-8298, cladribin (a non-limiting example is Mylinax), Novantrone, isoxanol dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (a non-limiting example is teriflunomide [HMR-1726]), Revimmune (cyclophosphamide), Fampridine SR (4-aminopyridine), Panaclar (dimethylfumarate), MBP8298 (dirucotide, synthetic peptide version of a portion of human myelin basic protein), Campath (alemtuzumab), anti-CD52, Cladribine, purine analogs, Fingolimod (sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists), Laquinimod, Teriflunomide, de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors (non-limiting examples include brequinar, leflunomide [Arava]), active metabolites of leflunomide, photodynamic therapy [PDT] with verteporfin, Anti-angiogenic factors non-limiting examples include vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) inhibitors (non-limiting examples include pegaptanib sodium, ranibizumab, bevacizumab), CCR3 inhibitors, anti-CD48, beta 2-agonists, leukotriene modifiers, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (non-limiting examples include tetomilast, ibudilast), selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors (non-limiting examples include rolipram, roflumilast, piclamilast, pentoxifylline), inhibitors targeting IgE (Omalizumab), Th2 cytokine inhibitors (non-limiting examples include suplatast tosilate, sIL-4R, IL-5 inhibitors), Macrolides, Ketolide, adenosine A2B antagonists, kappa B kinase 2 inhibitors, prostanoid and F2-isoprostane antagonists, Nitric oxide donors, inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, toll-like receptor modulators, Lorcaserin, phentermine, topiramate, bupropion, naltrexone, Anti-CD3, Antithymocyte globulin, serine protease inhibitors (a non-limiting example is alpha-1 antitrypsin AAT), tyrosine kinase inhibitors, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitors, insulin, Antigen-Specific Tolerance inducting agents to Type 1 Diabetes (non-limiting examples include Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 and Heat Shock Protein treatments), cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonists, long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogues, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, vasoactive intestinal peptide-pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor 2 (VPAC2) agonists, Glucokinase activators, Glucagon receptor antagonists, Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) inhibitors, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, salsalate, IκB kinase-β (IKKβ)-inhibitors, nuclear factor kappa B inhibitors, interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonists, IL-1 beta-specific antibody, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activators, selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) modulators (SPPARMs), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) inhibitors, PPARγ ligands (non-limiting examples include rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone), thiazolidinediones, glitazones, Warfarin, coumadin, pradaxa (non-limiting examples include dabigatran etexilate mesylate), anti-thrombotics, Statins, hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) inhibitors, ezetimibe, fenofibrates, niacin, amlodipine, Vascular cell-adhesion molecule (VCAM) antagonists, Thromboxane A2 antagonists, prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 antagonists, G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulators, cannabinoid receptor 1 (also known as CNR1) CB1 receptor antagonists (Rimonabant), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors (JTT-705), chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonists, Phospholipase A2 inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, leucovorin [folinic acid], 5-FU, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, cetuximab, Panitumumab, and combinations thereof, among others.

Methods of Making Methods for Making the RORα, RORγ and RORα/RORγ Modulators

Examples of synthetic pathways useful for making ROR modulators of the present invention are set forth in the Examples below and generalized in herein.

A process for the preparation of the compounds of this invention is shown in scheme 1. The compounds I-IV, are readily available. These compounds may be alkylated with benzyl groups, for example benzyl halides such as a benzyl bromide. The benzyl derivatives are either known compounds or can be readily synthesized using variations of standard techniques in organic chemistry. Where appropriate, protecting groups may be employed. In the case of benzyl bromides, treatment of the compound of structure I-IV with a base such as K₂CO₃ or NaH in a suitable solvent, for example THR followed by the appropriate benzyl derivative leads to the alkylated derivatives V-VIII. Reduction of the nitro group to the corresponding amine can be carried out by a number of well established methods, for example, catalytic hydrogenation over a palladium or platinum catalyst or reduction by treatment with a reducing metal under typically acidic conditions. SnCl₂ and iron powder are two such metals. Acylation of the resulting amides can be carried out by treatment with the appropriate acyl halide, acid anhydride, active ester, or acid activated in the presence of a coupling reagent such as a chloroformate or a diimide reagent to give compounds of formula XIII-XVI. The procedures for carrying out this step are well established. Depending on functionality present in either R₁-R₃ or the acylating species, protecting groups may be employed. Similarly, if a sulfonamide is the desired product, a sulfonyl containing acylating reagent such as methane sulfonyl chloride can be employed.

EXAMPLES

The disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting this disclosure in scope or spirit to the specific procedures herein described. It is to be understood that the examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments and that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure is intended thereby. It is to be further understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure and/or scope of the appended claims.

Compounds

The following non-limiting compound examples serve to illustrate further embodiments of the ROR modulators. It is to be understood that any embodiments listed in the Examples section are embodiments of the ROR modulators and, as such, are suitable for use in the methods and compositions described above.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the examples, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Preparation of 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol

To a stirred solution of 2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-trifluoropropan-2-ol, 1(100.0 g, 380 mmol) in CCl₄ (750 mL) was added NBS (68.6 g, 380 mmol) in portions and AIBN (0.63 g, 0.01 eq.) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 10% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.35).

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was diluted with water and extracted with dicloromethane (2×500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, then brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with pet ether to give 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 2 as a mixture of mono- and di-bromo derivatives. 1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 7.75-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.5 (s, 2H), 4.14-4.09 (m, 1H).

Example 1 Preparation of 2-(4-((6-amino-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol Reaction Step 1. Preparation of 6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 4

Conc. H₂SO₄ (1000 mL) was added to water (250 mL) at 0° C. with stirring, then 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 3 (50.0 g, 350 mmol) was added portionwise. After that, HNO₃ (68%, 25 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 10 min at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 10% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was poured into ice cold water and filtered, washing with ethyl acetate. The crude product was dried under vacuum to afford 6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 4 as a pale yellow solid.

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of 6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

To a stirred solution of 6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 4 (50.0 g, 260 mmol) in THF (750 mL) was added BH₃-DMS (2.0 M) (260 mL, 520 mmol) dropwise over a period of 10 min at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.65)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched by dropwise addition of methanol (300 mL) and concentrated. The crude reaction mass was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×400 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 5 as a yellow liquid.

Reaction Step 3. Preparation of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 6

To a stirred solution of 6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 5 (45.0 g, 250 mmol) in THF (800 mL) was added NaH (50%, 21.6 g, 450 mmol) in portions over a period of 10 min at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 2 (85.0 g, 250 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added dropwise and the mixture was heated to 80° C. for 16 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 40% EtOAc/Pet ether (2 times), R_(f) value: 0.6).

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Pet ether to give 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 6, as a light yellow liquid.

Reaction Step 4. Preparation of 2-(4-((6-amino-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 7

To a stirred solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 6 (58.0 g, 133 mmol) in ethanol (600 mL) was added SnCl₂ (90.0 g, 400 mmol) in concentrated HCl (600 mL) dropwise over a period of 10 min at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h to give a clear solution. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.4)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT and saturated NaHCO₃ solution was added to adjust the pH to 10. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×1000 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude product. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 30% EtOAc/Pet ether to give 2-(4-((6-amino-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 7 as an ash colored solid.

Example 2 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acetamide

To a stirred solution of 2-(4-((6-amino-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 7 (2.0 g, 4.0 mmol)) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added Et₃N (1.0 mL, 7.0 mmol) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. Ac₂O (0.6 mL, 5.0 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 30 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether (KMnO₄ active), R_(f) value: 0.2)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was diluted with ice cold water and extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude product. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 20% EtOAc/Pet ether to give N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acetamide, 8 as a pale yellow liquid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.45 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.37 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.36 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.49 (s, 2H), 3.31 (s, 2H), 2.70 (s, 2H), 1.93 (s, 5H). LC-MS: 99.6% at 215 nm and 96.36% at 254 nm (m/z=447.1, [M+H]⁺).

Example 3 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acetamide Reaction Step 1. Preparation of 6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 4

To a stirred solution of conc. H₂SO₄ (78 mL) was added water (36 mL) at 0° C., 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 3 (6.0 g, 41.9 mmol) was added in portions this was followed by dropwise addition of 68% HNO₃ (12 mL) over a period of 10 min at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 10% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.4)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was poured into ice cold water and filtered, washed with ethyl acetate. The crude product was dried over vacuum to give 6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 4, as a pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.2-8.05 (m, 2H), 6.89 (t, 1H, J=4.4 Hz), 3.09 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.72 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz).

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of 1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 9

To a stirred solution of 6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 4 (10.0 g, 53 mmol) in THF (160 mL) was added 60% NaH (4.24 g, 106 mmol) in portions over a period of 10 min at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred. After 30 min 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 2 (22.2 g, 66.0 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.65)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×250 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford 1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 9 as a while solid.

Reaction step 3. Preparation of 6-amino-1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 10

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 9 (2.0 g, 4.5 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) and conc. HCl (10 mL) was added SnCl₂.H₂O (2.56 g, 13.5 mmol) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 5% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.1)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was basified with 2N NaOH solution and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was washed twice with MTBE to afford 6-amino-1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 10 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.7-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.53 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz), 6.44 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.8 Hz), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 3.53 (br, s, 2H), 2.87 (dd, 2H, J₁=6.4, J₂=14 Hz).

Reaction Step 4. Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acetamide, 11

To a stirred solution of 6-amino-1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3 -hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 10 (2.5 g, 6.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) was added Et₃N (2.5 mL, 18 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. Ac₂O (0.73 mL, 7.8 mmol) was added at same temperature and the reaction mixture was allowed warm to RT and stir for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 5% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.3)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was diluted with ice cold water and extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude product. The crude product was washed with MTBE followed by dichloromethane to afford the title product N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acetamide, 11 as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.82 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.47 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz), 7.34 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.25 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.4 Hz), 6.84 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 5.15 (s, 2H), 2.92 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 2.67 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.98 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 95.03% at 215 nm and 94.97% at 254 nm (m/z=461.1, [M+H]⁺).

Example 4 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide Reaction Step 1. Preparation of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 13

To a stirred solution of 5-nitroindoline, 12 (6.0 g, 36 mmol) in THF (80 mL) was added NaH (60%) (1.8 g, 45 mmol) by in portions over a period of 10 min at 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. Next, 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 2 (12.3 g, 36 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 20 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether (2 times), R_(f) value: 0.5).

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 20% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 13 as a light yellow solid together with recovered 5-nitroindoline. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.05 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.4 Hz), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.36 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.35 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.47 (s, 2H), 3.65 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 3.46 (s, 1H), 3.12 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz).

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of 2-(4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 14

To a stirred solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 13 (1.8 g, 4.0 mmol) in acetic acid (7.2 mL) and ethanol (10.8 mL) was added Iron powder (2.18 g, 42 mmol) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.3).

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 2-(4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 14 as a pale yellow liquid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.49 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.40-6.18 (m, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 3.05 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 2.74 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz).

Reaction Step 3. Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 15

To a stirred solution of 2-(4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 14 (1.5 g, 3.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added Et₃N (0.8 mL, 5.0 mmol) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. Ac₂O (0.5 mL, 4.0 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 10 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.2)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was diluted with ice cold water and extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Washing with dichloromethane (2×10 mL) gave N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 15 as a pale yellow liquid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.56 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.49 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.11 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.49 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.26 (s, 2H), 3.22 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 2.87 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 1.96 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 98.01% at 215 nm and 96.44% at 254 nm (m/z=433.1, [M+H]⁺).

Example 5 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)methanesulfonamide

To a stirred solution of 2-(4-((6-amino-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 7 (0.6 g, 1.4 mmol) in dicloromethane (25 mL) was added Et₃N (0.25 mL, 1.7 mmol) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. Methane sulfonyl chloride (1 M in dicloromethane, 1.4 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at the same temperature. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was diluted with ice cold water and extracted with dicloromethane (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give crude product. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC (3 times purification done) and to afford N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)methanesulfonamide, 16 as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.38 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 6.80-6.75 (m, 2H), 6.40 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.5 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 3.35 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 2.80 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz), 2.72 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.92 (t, 2H, J=5.6 Hz). LC-MS: 97.04% at 215 nm and 97.02% at 254 nm (m/z=483.1, [M+H]⁺).

Example 6 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)methanesulfonamide

To a stirred solution of 6-amino-1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 10 (0.55 g, 1.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (27.5 mL) was added Et₃N (0.45 mL, 3.3 mmol) followed by methane sulfonyl chloride (1 M in dichloromethane, 1.13 mL, 1.3 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and was stirred for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 5% EtOAc/pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.2)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was diluted with ice cold water and extracted with dichloromethane (2×25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to give N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)methanesulfonamide, 17 as an off-white, gummy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.53 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.35 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.08 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz), 6.96 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.4 Hz), 6.88 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 5.15 (s, 2H), 3.0-2.85 (m, 5H), 2.68 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz). LC-MS: 96.01% at 215 nm and 98.65% at 254 nm. (m/z=495.2, [M−H]⁻).

Example 7 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide Reaction Step 1. Preparation of 5-nitro-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indoline, 19

To a stirred solution of 5-nitroindoline, 12 (0.2 g, 1.2 mmol) and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 18 (0.32 g, 1.34 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added 60% NaH (0.097 g, 2.4 mmol) in portions at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 20% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.35)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude 5-nitro-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indoline, 19 as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 8.06 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.0 Hz),7.94 (t, 1H, J=0.8 Hz), 7.62 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.39 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.33 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.49 (s, 2H), 3.64 (t, 2H J=8.8 Hz), 3.13 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz). LC-MS: 89.36% at 215 nm (m/z=323.1, [M+H]⁺)

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indolin-5-amine, 20

Fe powder (0.518 g, 9.3 mmol) was added portion wise to a stirred solution of 5-nitro-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indoline, 19 (0.3 g, 0.93 mmol) in acetic acid (1.5 mL) EtOH (15 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.1)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite bed and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indolin-5-amine, 20, as a gummy liquid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 7.77 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.58 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.29 (d, 2H, J=12.8 Hz), 4.31 (br, s, 3H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 3.06 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 2.75 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz). LC-MS: 59.16% at 215 nm (m/z=293, [M+H]⁺)

Reaction Step 3. Preparation of N-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 21

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indolin-5-amine, 20 (0.25 g, 0.85 mmol) in dichloromethane (7.5 mL) was added Ac₂O (1.25 mL) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 30 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 60% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT, basified with NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 20% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford N-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 21 as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.56 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.57 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.48 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.31 (s, 2H), 3.23 (t, 2H J=8.4 Hz), 2.88 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 1.96 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 99.14% at 215 nm and 98.49% at 254 nm (m/z=335.1, [M+H]⁺). HPLC: 98.73% at 215 nm.

Example 8 Preparation of N-(1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide Reaction Step 1. Preparation of (4-isopropylphenyl)methanol, 23

NaBH₄ (0.92 g, 24.3 mmol) was added in portions to a stirred solution of (4-isopropylphenyl)methanol, 23 (3.0 g, 2.23 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was allowed to warm to RT and was stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.2)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude (4-isopropylphenyl)methanol, 23 as a liquid that was used directly in the next step.

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of 1-(bromomethyl)-4-isopropylbenzene, 24

PBr₃ (2.81 mL, 30 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of (4-isopropylphenyl)methanol, 23 (3.0 g, 20 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) at 0° C., the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and was stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 20% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.7)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water, basified with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford crude 1-(bromomethyl)-4-isopropylbenzene, 24 as a light yellow liquid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 7.32 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 4.96 (s, 2H), 2.90 (t, 1H J=6.4 Hz), 1.25 (d, 6H, J=6.8 Hz).

Reaction Step 3. Preparation of 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-5-nitroindoline, 25

To a stirred solution of 5-nitroindoline 12 (0.1 g, 0.61 mmol) and 1-(bromomethyl)-4-isopropylbenzene, 24 (0.142 g, 0.67 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added 60% NaH (0.048 g, 1.2 mmol) portion wise at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 20% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.65)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-5-nitroindoline, 25 as a liquid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 8.04 (dd, 1H, J₁=9.2, J₂=2.4 Hz), 7.20-7.14 (m, 4H), 6.35 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.38 (s, 2H), 3.61 (t, 2H J=8.4 Hz), 3.07 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 2.90 (m, 1H), 1.25 (m, 6H). LC-MS: 79.28% at 215 nm (m/z=297.1, [M+H]⁺).

Reaction Step 4. Preparation of 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)indolin-5-amine, 26

Fe powder (0.188 g, 3.3 mmol) was added in portions to a stirred solution of 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-5-nitroindoline, 25 (0.150 g, 0.33 mmol) in acetic acid (0.75 mL) and ethanol (7.5 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 20% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.01)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was filtered through a celite bed and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to afford crude 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)indolin-5-amine, 26 as a gummy liquid suitable for use in the next step.

Reaction Step 5. Preparation of N-(1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 27

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)indolin-5-amine, 26 (0.100 g, 0.38 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was added acetic anhydride (0.5 mL) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and stir for 30 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 60% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT, basified with NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with dichloromethane (2×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography by eluting with 20% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford N-(1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 27 as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.54 (s, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.23 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.11 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.50 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.16 (s, 2H), 3.18 (t, 2H J=8.4 Hz), 2.86-2.81 (m, 3H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.18 (d, 6H, J=6.8 Hz). LC-MS: 96.89% at 215 nm and 89.61% at 254 nm (m/z=309.2, [M+H]⁺). HPLC: 97.49% at 215 nm.

Example 9 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide Reaction step: 1. Preparation of methyl 4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 29

60% NaH (2.92 g, 4.0 eq.) was added portion wise to a solution of 5-nitroindoline, 12 (3.0 g, 18.2 mmol) and methyl 4-(bromomethyl)benzoate, 28 (5.0 g, 21.9 mmol) in THF (60 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.4)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude methyl 4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 29 as a pale yellow solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 8.06-8.00 (m, 3H), 7.93 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 7.34 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 6.36 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.64 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 3.12 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz). LC-MS: 70.00% at 215 nm (m/z=313.0, [M+H]¹).

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of (4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)methanol, 30

To a stirred solution of methyl 4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 29 (2.0 g, 6.4 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added a solution of LAH (0.267 g, 7.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL) drop wise at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.35)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and 15% NaOH solution. The reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite bed, washing with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude (4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)methanol, 30 as an off-while solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 8.05 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.26 (d, 2H, J=4.8 Hz), 4.70 (d, 2H, J=5.2 Hz), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.62 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 3.09 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 1.63 (m, 1H). LC-MS: 95.40% at 215 nm (m/z=285.1, [M+H]⁻).

Reaction Step 3. Preparation of 4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzaldehyde, 31

To a stirred solution of (4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)methanol, 30 (1.0 g, 3.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added MnO₂ (1.83 g, 21.0 mmol) was added in portions at 0° C. over 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir for overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After 70% completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite bed and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude 4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzaldehyde, 31 as a pale yellow liquid.

Reaction Step 4. Preparation of (E)-4-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)but-3-en-2-one,

4-((5-Nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzaldehyde, 31 (0.7 g, 2.48 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (14 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of acetone (0.54 mL, 7.45 mmol) and NaOH (0.99 g, 24.8 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.45)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude (E)-4-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)but-3-en-2-one, 32 as a yellow liquid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 8.62 (br, s, 1H), 7.93 (br, s, 1H), 7.54-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.11 (d 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.76-6.69 (m, 3H), 6.34 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 5.40 (s, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 3.647 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 3.12 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.37 (d, 4H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.25 (s, 5H). LC-MS: 79.56% at 215 nm (m/z=323.1, [M+H]⁻).

Reaction Step 5. Preparation of 1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)-5-nitroindoline, 33

To a stirred solution of (E)-4-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)but-3-en-2-one, 32 (0.5 g, 1.55 mmol) in NaOH (0.093 g, 2.3 mmol) and water (10 mL) was added tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.75 g, 2.3 mmol) and tosyl hydrazine (0.347 g, 1.86 mmol) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.3)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude 1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)-5-nitroindoline, 33 as a yellow solid. LC-MS: 60.68% at 254 nm (m/z=333.1, [M+H]⁺).

Reaction Step 6. Preparation of 1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-amine, 34

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)-5-nitroindoline, 33 (0.400 g, 1.19 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was added SnCl₂.H₂O (2.16 g, 9.6 mmol) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 70% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.15)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT, basified with 10% NaOH solution and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude 1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-amine, 34 as a gummy liquid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 12.49 (br, s 1H), 7.72-7.58 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.08 ((m, s, 2H), 6.68-6.64 (dd, 1H, J₁=9.2, J₂=2 Hz), 6.48-6.34 (m, 3H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.47 (br, s 2H), 3.08-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.71-267 (m, 1H), 2.24 (d, 3H, J=8.4 Hz).

Reaction Step 7. Preparation of N-(1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 35

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-amine, 34 (0.3 g, 0.99 mmol) in dichloromethane (6 mL) was added Et₃N (0.2 mL, 1.48 mmol) at 0° C. Acetic anhydride (0.093 mL, 0.99 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 90% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.2)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to afford N-(1-(4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 35 as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 12.43 (br, s 1H), 9.55 (s, 1H), 7.69 (br, s, 2H), 7.34 (d, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.104 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 6.51 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.40 (s, 1H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 3.21 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.85 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.96 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 98.20% at 215 nm and 98.73% at 254 nm (m/z=347, [M+H]⁺). HPLC: 99.42% at 265 nm.

Example 10 Synthesis of N-(1-(4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide Reaction Step 1. Preparation of 1-(p-tolyl)cyclobutanol, 38

To a stirred solution of 4-bromotoluene, 36 (5.0 g, 29 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was added 2.5 M n-BuLi (17 mL, 35 mmol) dropwise at −75° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. Cyclobutanone (2.6 mL, 35 mmol) was added at the same temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 10% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.25)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution at −70° C. and diluted with water. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/Pet ether to give 1-(ptolyl)cyclobutanol, 38 as a colorless liquid.

¹HNMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 7.38 (d, 2H, J=6.4 Hz), 7.18 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.58-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.32(m, 5H), 2.04-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.57 (m 1H).

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of 1-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 39

To stirred solution of 1-(p-tolyl)cyclobutanol, 38 (3.0 g, 18 mmol) in CCl₄ (50 mL) was added NBS (3.2 g, 18 mmol) and AIBN (0.03 g, 0.18 mmol) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 10% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.2)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled, poured into ice cold water and extracted with dichloromethane (2×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 7% EtOAc/Pet ether to give 1-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 39 as a colorless liquid.

¹HNMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 7.47-7.39 (m, 4H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 2.58-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.33 (m, 2H) 2.05-2.00 (m 2H), 1.73-1.68 (m, 1H).

Reaction Step 3. Preparation of 1-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 40

To a stirred solution of 5-nitroindoline, 12 (2.4 g, 14.6 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was added 50% NaH (2.3 g, 51 mmol) in portions at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Next, 1-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 39 (3.5 g, 14.6 mmol) dissolved in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. and the mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.4)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water at 0° C. and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 25% EtOAc/Pet ether to give 1-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 40 as a brown liquid.

¹HNMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 8.06 (dd, 1H J₁=8.8, J₂=2.4 Hz), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.48(m, 2H), 7.44 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 7.30-7.26 9 (m, 2H), 6.36 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.45 (s, 2H), 3.67-3.61(m, 2H), 3.09 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 2.55-2.33 (m, 6H), 2.03-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.92-1.54 (s, 1H), 1.27-1.24 (m, 1H).

Reaction Step 4. Preparation of 1-(4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 41

A mixture of 1-(4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 40 (1.0 g, 3.0 mmol) and Raney-Ni (0.2 g) in ethanol (60 mL) was stirred under a balloon pressure of hydrogen at RT overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.01)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite bed washing with ethanol; the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude 1-(4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 41 as a brown liquid. LC-MS: 75.1% at 254 nm (m/z=295.1, [M+H]⁺).

Reaction Step 5. Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 42

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)cyclobutanol, 41 (0.6 g, 2.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added Et₃N (0.42 mL, 3.1 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. over 20 min. Ac₂O (0.24 mL, 2.4 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 70% EtOAc/Pet ether (KMnO₄ &UV), R_(f) value: 0.1)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice water and extracted with dichloromethane (2×80 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by (100-200 silica gel) column chromatography eluting with 70% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford product (84% by LCMS). The impure product was purified by Prep HPLC to afford N-(1-(4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)benzyl)indolin-5-yl)acetamide, 42 as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.54 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.29 (d, 3H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.11 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.51 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 5.42 (s, 1H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 3.19 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.84 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 2.42-2.32 (m, 3H), 2.28-2.21 (m, 2H),1.96 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.63 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz). LC-MS: 96.09% at 215 nm and 98.36% at 254 nm (m/z=337.2, [M+H]⁺). HPLC: 98.19% at 210 nm.

Example 11 Preparation of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzamide Reaction Step 1. Preparation of methyl 4-((5-nitroindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 29

To a stirred solution of 5-nitroindoline, 12 (0.2 g, 12 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added NaH (0.87 g, 18 mmol) in portions at 0° C. and the mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir for 20 min. Methyl-4-bromo methyl benzoate, 28 (2.79 g, 1.0 eq.) dissolved in THF (10 mL) was added drop wise at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir for 20 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford methyl 4-((5-nitrooindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 29 as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 8.06-8.00 (m, 3H), 7.93 (d, 1H, J=0.8 Hz), 7.34 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 6.33 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.64 (t, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 3.12 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz).

Reaction Step 2. Preparation of methyl 4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 43

To a cold, stirred solution of methyl 4-((5-nitrooindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 29 (1.5 g, 4.0 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) was added SnCl₂ (2.72 g, 14 mmol) in HCl (15 mL) in portions. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 30% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.1)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT and evaporated under reduced pressure. Saturated NaHCO₃ solution was added to the crude product and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude methyl 4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 43 (LCMS shows mixture of methyl and ethyl ester forms).

Reaction Step 3. Preparation of methyl 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 44

To a stirred solution of methyl 4-((5-aminoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 43 (1.3 g, 4 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 mL) was added Et₃N (0.96 mL, 6 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. over 20 min. Ac₂O (0.56 mL, 5 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 50% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.1)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by (100-200 silica gel) column chromatography eluting with 30% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford methyl 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 44 as a brown liquid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-CDCl₃) δ: 8.01 (dd, 2H, J₁=8.0, J₂=1.6 Hz), 7.42 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.31 (s, 1H) 7.007-6.96 (m 2H), 6.35 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz),4.40-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 3.32 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 2.97 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 2.12 (s, 3H).

Reaction Step 4. Preparation of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid, 45

To a stirred solution of methyl 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoate, 44 (0.9 g, 2.8 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and THF (7 mL) was added NaOH (0.22 g, 5.6 mmol) in water (3.2 mL) dropwise at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. for 3 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 70% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.01)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was acidified with 2N HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid, 45 as a light brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 12.6 (br, s, 1H), 9.58 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.46 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.11 (dd, 3H, J₁=8.4, J₂=1.2 Hz), 6.47 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.27 (s, 2H), 3.22 (t, 2H J=8.4 Hz), 2.87 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 1.96 (s, 3H).

Reaction step 5. Preparation of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzamide, 46

To a stirred solution of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid, 45 (0.2 g, 0.6 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added NMP (0.085 mL, 0.7 mmol) and Isobutyl chloroformate (0.1 mL, 0.7 mmol) at −50° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. 2M NH₃ in THF (15 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 5% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.30)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×60 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product (110 mg) was purified by Prep HPLC to afford the title product 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzamide, 46 as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.56 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.41 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.32 (s, 2H), 7.09 (t, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 6.48 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.21 (t, 2H J=8.4 Hz), 2.86 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 1.96 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 95.29% at 215 nm and 92.28% at 254 nm (m/z=310.1, [M+H]⁻). HPLC: 95.98% at 215 nm.

Example 12 Preparation of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N-methylbenzamide, Reaction Step: 1

To a stirred solution of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid 45 (0.2 g, 0.6 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added CH₃NH₂.HCl (0.064 g, 0.9 mmol), HATU (0.3 g, 0.9 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min. DIPEA (0.53 mL, 3.2 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC TLC system: 5% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was purified by column chromatography. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 70% ethyl acetate/pet ether to afford 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N-methylbenzamide, 47 as an off-white stickly solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.56 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, 1H, J=4.8 Hz), 7.79 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.41 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.11 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.48 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.21 (t, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 2.86 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.81-2.73 (m, 3H), 1.96 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 95.19% at 215 nm and 89.63% at 254 nm (m/z=324.1, [M+H]⁺). HPLC: 95.49% at 210 nm.

Example 13 Preparation of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide, 48

To a stirred solution of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid 45 (0.2 g, 0.6 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added (CH₃)₂NH .HCl (0.078 g, 0.9 mmol), HATU (0.36 g, 0.9 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min. DIPEA (0.53 mL, 3.2 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 5% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.6)

After completion of the reaction the crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography without workup eluting with 60% ethyl acetate/pet ether to afford the product (66% by LC-MS). The impure product was purified by Prep TLC to afford the title product 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzamide, 48 as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.56 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.50 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.22 (t, 2H J=8.4 Hz), 2.96-2.84 (m, 8H), 1.96 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 98.35% at 215 nm and 97.15% at 254 nm (m/z =338.2, [M+H]⁺). HPLC: 97.45% at 215 nm.

Example 14 Preparation of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N-methyl-N-phenylbenzamide, 49

To a stirred solution of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid 45 (0.3 g, 0.96 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added N-methyl aniline (0.158 g, 1.4 mmol) and HATU (0.55 g, 1.4 mmol) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 20 min. DIPEA (0.63 mL, 3.8 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 5% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.5)

The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography without workup eluting with 80% ethyl acetate/pet ether to afford crude product (84% by LC-MS). The impure product was purified by Prep HPLC to afford 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N-methyl-N-phenylbenzamide, 49 as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.54 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.13 (m, 10H), 7.07 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.38 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.11 (s, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 3.11 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.82 (t, 2H J=8.0 Hz), 1.95 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 97.25% at 215 nm and 93.41% at 254 nm (m/z=400.2, [M+H]⁺).

Example 15 Preparation of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N-phenylbenzamide, 50

To a stirred solution of 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid 45 (0.2 g, 0.6 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added aniline (0.09 mL, 1.5 eq.) and HATU (0.36 g, 0.9 mmol) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. DIPEA (0.42 mL, 2.0 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stir overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 5% MeOH/dichloromethane, R_(f) value: 0.65)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 50% ethyl acetate/pet ether to afford 4-((5-acetamidoindolin-1-yl)methyl)-N-phenylbenzamide, 50 as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6) δ: 10.20 (s, 1H), 9.56 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.76 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.50 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.34 (t, 3H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.13-7.07 (m, 2H), 6.51 (d, 1H 8.4 Hz), 4.29 (s, 2H), 3.31-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.88 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 1.96 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 95.21% at 215 nm and 93.17% at 254 nm (m/z=386.2, [M+H]⁺). HPLC: 95.25% at 215 nm.

Example 16 Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamide Reaction step 1. Preparation of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((5-nitro-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 52

To a stirred solution of 5-nitroindole, 51 (0.50 g, 3.1 mmol) and 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 2 (1.2 g, 3.7 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added 60% NaH (0.24 g, 6.2 mmol) in portions at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 20% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.55)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT, quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude 1,1,1,3,3,3 -hexafluoro-2-(4-((5-nitro-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 52 as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 8.66 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz), 8.11 (dd, 1H, J₁=9.2, J₂=2.4 Hz) 7.68 (d, 2H J=8.0 Hz), 7.30-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.77 (d, 1H, J=3.2 Hz), 5.43 (s, 2H). LC-MS: 84.63% at 215 nm (m/z =417.2, [M−H]⁻)

Reaction step 2. Preparation of 2-(4-((5-amino-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 53

To a stirred solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-((5-nitro-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)propan-2-ol, 52 (0.3 g, 0.72 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) and ethyl acetate (2.1 mL) was added SnCl₂.2H₂O (0.647 g, 2.9 mmol) by in portions at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 40% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.15)

After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was basified with saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford crude 2-(4-((5-amino-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 53 as a gummy liquid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.29 (d, 1H, J=2.8 Hz), 7.24 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz),7.09 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 6.69 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz), 6.48 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.0 Hz), 5.34 (s, 2H). LC-MS: 84.63% at 215 nm (m/z =387.2, [M−H]⁻)

Reaction step 3. Preparation of N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamide, 54

To a stirred solution of 2-(4-((5-amino-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, 53 (0.2 g, 0.52 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added acetic anhydride (1 mL) at RT. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 30 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (TLC system: 60% EtOAc/Pet ether, R_(f) value: 0.5)

After completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT, basified with NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 30% EtOAc/Pet ether to afford N-(1-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamide, 54 as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d₆) δ: 9.72 (s, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 7.60 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.47 (d, 1H, J=3.2 Hz), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 7.26 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.18 (dd, 1H, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.0 Hz), 6.44 (d, 1H, J=2.8 Hz), 5.44 (s, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H). LC-MS: 97.58% at 215 nm and 97.69% at 254 nm (m/z=429.2, [M+H]⁺) HPLC: 98.70% at 240 nm.

Biological Examples

The compounds according to Formula I are RORa and/or RORy modulators, and are useful in the treatment of RORα- and/or RORγ-regulated diseases. The biological activities of the compounds according to Formula I can be determined using any suitable assay for determining the activity of a candidate compound as a RORa and/or RORy modulator, as well as in tissue and in vivo models.

Example 17 T_(H)17 Cell Differentiation

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sourced from freshly prepared leukocyte enriched plasma (buffy coat) from healthy volunteers from which PBMCs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (GE Healthcare). Naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated using the Naïve CD4+ T cell Isolation Kit II (Miltenyi Biotec) as per manufacturer's instructions. CD4+ T cells were plated at 5×10⁴ cells/well in 96 well plates pre-coated with immobilized human (h)-αCD3 antibody (eBioscience) then differentiated to T_(H)17 cells using h-αCD28, h-αIFNγ, h-αIL4, h-IL6, h-IL23, h-IL1β, h-TGFβ1 (eBioscience) and maintained in a cell culture incubator at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ in TexMACS Medium (Miltenyi Biotec) supplemented with 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Lonza) over 5 days.

Example 18 T_(H)17 Cytokine Inhibition as Measured by ELISA

Human CD4+ T cells were differentiated to T_(H)17 cells as described in the presence or absence of various concentrations of compounds in a final concentration of 0.1% DMSO in TexMACS medium. Supernatants were collected and stored at −20° C. until they were to be assayed for IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17AF, IL-21 and/or IL-22 levels as determined by Ready-Set-Go ELISA kits (eBioscience) as per manufacturer's instructions. Endpoint absorbance was read at 450 nm and 570 nm according to manufacturer's instructions (eBioscience) using a microplate reader (Perkin Elmer). The percentage of cytokine inhibition was calculated with reference to DMSO treated cells and the IC₅₀s were determined by GraphPad Prism software and presented in the table below.

Compound from IL-17A IL-17F IL-17AF IL-22 IL-21 Example IC₅₀ [uM] IC₅₀ [uM] IC₅₀ [uM] IC₅₀ [uM] IC₅₀ [uM] 2 <10 <10 <10 <10 — 3 <10 <10 >10 — — 4 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 5 <10 <10 — <10 — 6 <10 <10 — <10 — 7 <10 <10 — <10 — 8 <10 <10 — <10 — 9 <10 <10 — <10 — 10 >10 >10 — <10 — 11 >10 >10 — >10 — 12 >10 >10 — >10 — 13 >10 >10 — >10 — 14 <10 <10 — <10 — 15 <10 <10 — <10 — 16 <10 <10 — <10 —

Example 19 T_(H)17 Cell Viability and Proliferation

Cells were assayed for viability in the presence or absence of compound using Prestoblue® Cell Viability Reagent (Life Technologies) as per manufacturer's instructions after 30 minutes incubation of T_(H)17 cells with reagent. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm and 600 nm using a microplate reader (Perkin Elmer) and data were analyzed as per manufacturer's instructions. Cell viability was expressed as a percentage of DMSO treated cells. The percentage viability of compound treated T_(H)17 cells are presented in the table below.

Compound from Example % viability of compound treated T_(H)17 cells 2 >80 3 >80 4 >80 5 >80 6 >80 7 >80 8 >80 9 >80 10 >80 11 >80 12 >80 13 >80 14 >80 15 >80 16 >80

Cellular proliferation was assessed in the presence or absence of 3 μM compound using Prestoblue® Cell Viability Reagent (Life Technologies) as per manufacturer's instructions using absorbance as the output measured by a microplate reader (Perkin Elmer) after 30 minutes of incubation of cells and reagent. A standard curve developed by plotting varying cell numbers versus absorbance was used to assess differences in cellular proliferation between compound treated or untreated cells after the 5 day T_(H)17 differentiation period. Percentage change in T_(H)17 cell number in the presence of compound are presented in the table below.

Compound from Example % change in T_(H)17 cell number 2 B 3 B 4 A 5 B 6 B 7 B 8 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 15 B 16 B A: >50% decrease in cell proliferation relative to DMSO treated T_(H)17 cells B: ≦50% decrease in cell proliferation relative to DMSO treated T_(H)17 cells

Example 20 Real Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (Real-Time qRT-PCR)

RNA was isolated from T_(H)17 cells and cDNA was synthesized using the Verso cDNA kit (Thermo Scientific) as per manufacturer's instructions. IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, G-CSF, IL-23R and FOXP3 gene expression were determined for compound treated and untreated T_(H)17 cell samples using Solaris qPCR Gene expression assays (Thermo Scientific) with an iCycler iQ Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad). Individual gene expression was normalized to a panel of six reference genes (ACTB, TBP, HPRT1, PGK1, TFRC and PPIA) (Thermo Scientific) and analyzed by REST 2009 (Qiagen) in accordance to MIQE guidelines (Bustin et al. (2009) Clin. Chem, 55:611-622). The effects of compounds on T_(H)17 cytokine mRNA levels are presented as fold change in gene expression of compound treated T_(H)17 cells relative to DMSO treated cells in the table below.

Fold change in mRNA level of compound treated Compound T_(H)17 cells relative to DMSO treated cells from Example IL-17A IL-17F IL-22 IL-21 IL-23R FOXP3 2 A A A A A A 4 B B C B B C 5 B B A B B C 6 A B A A A A A: No change in gene expression observed relative to DMSO treated Th17 cells B: Decreased gene expression observed relative to DMSO treated Th17 cells C: Increased gene expression observed relative to DMSO treated Th17 cells

Example 21 RORγ LBD Binding

Compound binding to the human RORγ LBD was assessed using the Human RORγ Assay System (INDIGO Biosciences Inc.) as per manufacturer's instructions. Binding to the RORγ LBD was assessed using gradient concentrations of the indicated compounds in a final concentration of 0.5% DMSO, where IC₅₀s were generated using Graphpad Prism and presented in the table below.

Compound from Example RORγ LBD Binding IC₅₀ [uM] 2 <10 3 >10 4 <10 5 <10 6 <10

Example 22 Co-Activator and Co-Repressor Protein Interaction with Human RORγ and RORα LBDs

The Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) assay kit (Life Technologies) was used to measure compound efficacy to disrupt or enhance ligand-mediated interaction of the co-activator and co-repressor peptides with the purified GST-tagged (i) RORγ LBD or (ii) RORγ LBD. The RORγ LBD and RORα LBD each have a basal level of interaction with the co-activator D22 or co-repressor NCoR1-D2 in the absence of ligand, thus it is possible to identify compounds that inhibit or induce RORγ and/or RORα co-activator/co-repressor interactions, thus determining RORα, RORγ, or RORα/RORγ compound selectivity. The assay was performed as per manufacturer's instructions and TR-FRET was assessed 2 and 20 hours post-assay initiation. Compounds were identified to (i) have no impact on either co-activator displacement or co-activator recruitment from the assessed LBD (ii) promote co-activator displacement from the assessed LBD (iii) promote co-repressor recruitment to the assessed LBD or (iv) concurrently promote co-activator displacement from the assessed LBD and co-repressor recruitment to the assessed LBD. The EC₅₀ potency of compounds tested for co-activator displacement and co-repressor recruitment to RORγ and RORα are presented in the table below.

RORγ EC₅₀ [μM] RORα EC₅₀ [μM] Compound NCoR1- NCoR1- NCoR1- NCoR1- from D22^(Δ) D22^(Δ) D2^(&) D2^(&) D22^(Δ) D22^(Δ) D2^(&) D2^(&) Example 2 hr 20 hr 2 hr 20 hr 2 hr 20 hr 2 hr 20 hr 2 <30 <30 >30 >30 <30 >30 >30 >30 3 >30 <30 >30 <30 >30 >30 >30 >30 4 <30 <30 <30 <30 >30 >30 >30 >30 5 >30 <30 <30 <30 <30 <30 <30 <30 6 >30 >30 <30 >30 <30 <30 >30 >30 7 >30 <30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 8 <30 <30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 9 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 10 >30 >30 >30 >30 <30 <30 >30 >30 11  <30^(π) >30 >30 >30  <30^(π)  <30^(π) >30 >30 12  <30^(π)  <30^(π) >30 >30  <30^(π)  <30^(π) >30   <30^(Ω) 13 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 14  <30^(π) >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 15 <30 <30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 16 <30 <30 >30 >30 <30 >30 >30 <30 ^(Δ)Values represent EC₅₀ [μM] of D22 co-activator displacement from the respective ROR LBD (^(π)demonstrates co-activator recruitment) ^(&)Values represent EC₅₀ [μM] of NCoR1-D2 co-repressor recruitment to the respective ROR LBD (^(Ω)demonstrates co-repressor displacement)

Equivalents

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodiments described specifically herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the following claims. 

1. A compound of the Formula I:

wherein A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)2-alkyl, —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken together to form a carbonyl; each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; R₅ is independently H or alkyl, or both R₅ can be taken together to form a carbonyl; R₆ is H or alkyl; R₇ is H, alkyl, acyl optionally substituted alkyl-O-acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle sulfonyl or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; n is 0, or 1; p is 1 or 2; and wherein the symbol

indicates a single or double bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, or tautomer thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₇ is selected from the group consisting of acetyl, methoxyacetyl, methoxyformyl, tetrahydrofurancarboxyl, 2-hydroxyacetyl, 2-aminoacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, propionyl, methylcarbamyl, cyclopentanecarboxyl, and cyclopropanecarboxyl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₇ is acetyl.
 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₇ is methoxyacetyl.
 5. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₇ is 2-hydroxyacetyl.
 6. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₇ is 2-aminoacetyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₆ is H.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₆ is alkyl.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


10. A compound of formula Ia:

wherein A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl, —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken together to form a carbonyl; each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, aryl, or can be taken together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; R₆ is H or alkyl; R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and p is 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, or tautomer thereof.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


12. A compound of formula Ib:

wherein A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, and N(R₄)₂; R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)2-alkyl, —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with Cl-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken together to form a carbonyl; each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; R₆ is H or alkyl; R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and p is 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, or tautomer thereof.
 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


14. A compound of formula Ic:

wherein A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl, —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken together to form a carbonyl; each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or two R4 aryl, or two R₄ can be taken together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; R₆ is H or alkyl; R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle sulfonyl, or C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; and p is 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, or tautomer thereof.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


16. A compound of formula Id:

wherein A is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₁ is absent, H, OH, halogen, N(R₄)₂, O-alkyl, CN, —S(O)₂-alkyl, —O—C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, O-alkyl, CN, or N(R₄)₂; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from H, halogen, or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, OH, CN, N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, taken together may form a 4-7 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, optionally incorporating 1-3 N, O, or S atoms; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, carbonyl, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂, or R₂ and R₃, can be taken together to form a carbonyl; each R₄ is independently H, alkyl, or aryl, or two R₄ can be taken together to form a 4-7 membered ring, optionally incorporating an additional N, O, S atom; wherein the 4-7 membered ring is optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, halogen, or N(R₄)₂; R₆ is H or alkyl; R₇ is H, alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, alkyl-O-acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminoacyl, carbamoyl, carbamido, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, heteroaryl sulfonyl, 4-7 membered heterocycle sulfonyl, C4-C7 cycloalkyl-acyl; p is 1 or 2; and wherein the symbol

indicates a single or double bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, or tautomer thereof.
 17. The compound of claim 16, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 19. A method of treating any disease described herein comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof.
 20. The method claim 19, wherein the disease is selcted from the group consisting of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, cystic fibrosis, gastritis, autoimmune myositis, giant cell arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, allergen-induced lung inflammation, allergy, Psoriasis, Psoriatic arthritis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Sjogren's syndrome, dry eye, optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica, Myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Graves disease, Multiple sclerosis, autoimmune uveitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, organ transplant rejection, polymyalgia rheumatic, systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneus lupus, lupus nephritis, glomerulonephritis, Diabetes mellitus type 1, pulmonary inflammation, macular degeneration, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, Diabetes mellitus type 2, glucose intolerance, and metabolic syndrome. 